Train on a platform. Green mobility. Public transport.

SUSTANCE

Project overview

Sustainable public transport solutions and innovative governance schemes for improving connectivity in Central Europe

Leaving the car at home remains challenging for people in sparsely populated areas close to borders. Too often, there are simply no satisfying public transport offers available. The SUSTANCE project involved a wide range of transport stakeholders to co-design innovative mobility services and governance schemes that help public authorities to change this. In this process, the partners deployed amongst others customised intervention action plans in pilot regions.

2,01m €

Project Budget

80%

of the Budget is funded by ERDF

Layer 1

4

Countries

7

Regions

8

Partners

6

Pilots

Duration

Start date

End date

Project progress

100%

About the project

What is the challenge SUSTANCE project tackled? Citizens living in rural or peripheral areas of Central Europe are facing inadequate connectivity. They face fragmented transportation networks and lack of sustainable public transport solutions, particularly at the cross-border level. At the same time European policies look toward a greener and smarter future, by supporting, among others, actions aimed at promoting the development of sustainable public transport solutions. It is to provide all citizens with equal public transportation services and access opportunities. To ensure these journeys remained eco-friendly from the first mile to the last, SUSTANCE integrated green alternatives directly into the traveler's routine. We launched two new direct cross-border train services, one being from Austria (Neusiedl am See) to Hungary (Sopron) and the other from Italy (Trieste, Villa Opicina), via Slovenia (Divača, Pivka), to Croatia (Rijeka). We set basis for introducing another new cross-border train service between Croatia (Pula-Buzet) and Slovenia (Divača) and launched a collaborative web portal across Croatia, Italy, and Slovenia to help passengers seamlessly combine train travel with cycling. To support this on the ground, we installed physical bike and scooter sharing stations throughout Istria (Croatia) and developed an interactive ICT app for this region, that displays all private and public transport services in one place, thus offering travellers a clean way to complete their train trips. To tackle rural areas of Romagna Region (Italy), we digitalized existing public transport service by developing an open-source demand responsive transport application. Today, these trial initiatives have transformed from temporary tests into a permanent blueprint, successfully paving the way for long-term action plans and lasting, sustainable connectivity across Central Europe.

Project partnership

Project partners

Italia (IT)

Lead partner

Central European Initiative - Executive Secretariat

Project Management Office
Address
Via Genova, 9
34121 Trieste
Country
Italy (IT)
Web
www.cei.int

Project partner

Institute for Regional Development
Address
Viale Druso 1
39100 Bolzano
Country
Italy (IT)
Web
https://www.eurac.edu/en
Total partner budget
230,700 €
Address
Mátyás király u. 19
9400 Sopron
Country
Hungary (HU)
Web
www.gysev.hu
Total partner budget
266,657 €
Address
Strojarska Cesta 11
10000 Zagreb
Country
Croatia (HR)
Web
www.hzpp.hr
Total partner budget
252,792 €
Address
Mletačka 12/4
52100 Pula
Country
Croatia (HR)
Web
www.ida.hr
Total partner budget
194,600 €
Address
Viale Aldo Moro 38
40127 Bologna
Country
Italy (IT)
Web
www.fondazioneitl.org
Total partner budget
266,100 €
Address
Kolodvorska 11
1000 Ljubljana
Country
Slovenia (SI)
Web
https://prometni-institut.si/
Total partner budget
254,780 €
Address
Kolodvorska street 11
1000 Ljubljana
Country
Slovenia (SI)
Web
www.slo-zeleznice.si
Total partner budget
233,500 €

Roadmap

1

Challenge

People living in sparsely populated, cross-border areas were relying heavily on their cars, as public transport options in these regions were too limited or poorly connected to meet their everyday travel needs.

2

Problem

This car dependency was contributing to environmental pollution and working against Europe's shared goal of a greener future: one that public transport, if made viable, could support.

3

Idea

Image by Mike Renpening from Pixabay

We asked ourselves: what if we developed services and tools that made travelling by public transport easier, even across borders? This question shaped the direction of the project from the outset.

4

Solution

Photo by krakenimages on Unsplash

Over almost three years, SUSTANCE delivered six pilot actions and two supporting digital tools, developed with institutions from four countries (Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, and Hungary) with the shared goal of improving cross-border connectivity. Concretely, the project has successfully introduced: (1) A temporary direct cross-border train connection between Trieste (Italy) and Rijeka (Croatia), via Divača and Pivka (Slovenia); (2) A web application supporting a Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT) service in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy; (3) A direct cross-border train line between Neusiedl Lake (Austria) and Sopron (Hungary), replacing a route that previously required a change of trains; (4) A bike-sharing service near train stations in the Istria Region, connecting cycling and rail travel; (5) An application integrating bike and train travel in Istria, Croatia; and (6) A new bike-and-train section on the Croatian Railways website, consolidating information on public transport, cycling routes, EuroVelo routes, bike-friendly accommodation, and local sights.

5

How

We began by engaging relevant stakeholders to gather their input and involve them directly in shaping the project's activities. In parallel, we studied the target regions in depth to understand their specific mobility context and real needs. Building on these insights, we implemented the services and tools described above, involving more than 50 stakeholders throughout their development and testing.

6

Proof

The Pilot Actions generated strong and measurable results. Here are some examples: (a) The Trieste-Rijeka train connection (April-September 2024) carried more than 8,200 passengers and 425 bicycles; (b) The DRT web application in Emilia-Romagna (March–December 2025) facilitated over 7,600 bookings and around 9,000 passengers; (c) The Neusiedl Lake–Sopron direct train line ran 160 times over 20 weekends (April–August 2024), transporting more than 2,000 passengers and 600 bicycles; (d) The Istria bike-sharing service recorded over 550 bicycle rentals between summer and December 2025; (e) The Istria bike-and-train app surpassed 3,000 downloads.

7

Impact

The results confirmed that when convenient, well-designed alternatives are available, people are willing to leave their cars behind. Beyond the numbers, SUSTANCE demonstrated that cross-border cooperation can turn ambitious sustainability goals into practical, everyday solutions - benefiting both local communities and the environment. For visitors facing similar challenges, the tools, pilot models, and stakeholder engagement approach developed through SUSTANCE are available for reuse and adaptation.

8

Follow our work

Join us in connecting Europe and preserving environment for future generations!

News

Events

Pilot actions

Outputs

Transnational action plan for better cross-border public transport connectivity

A comprehensive document is drawn following important outcomes of the SUSTANCE project. The inputs for it include (1) accessibility assessment of the regions and routes selected in the project, incorporating the experience gained with the (2) implementation of new or improved passenger services and solutions at cross-border level. It also builds on the activity of design, adoption and dissemination of (3) roadmaps, plus on (4) the long-term sustainability guidelines for solutions.
Type of output: Strategies and action plans

Transnational action plan for better ICT solutions for public transport

A comprehensive document was drawn following important outcomes of the SUSTANCE project. The inputs for it include (1) accessibility assessment of the regions and routes selected in the project, incorporating the experience gained with the (2) implementation of new or improved ICT public transport solutions at regional and cross-border level. It also builds on the activity of design, adoption and dissemination of (3) roadmaps, plus on (4) the long-term sustainability guidelines for solutions.
Type of output: Strategies and action plans

Long-term sustainability guidelines for better connectivity & smart mobility solutions

After the testing phase of our solutions was finalized, we drafted a document that sets the basis for their long-term replicability, so that other institutions can avoid our mistakes and capitalize on our success. We also analysed what are the key elements for the sustainability of these solutions, because we want to make a long-term positive impact.
Type of output: Solutions

Long-term strategy for promoting cooperation and better governance of public transport

Following up on the outcomes of the accessibility assessments, created roadmaps, report on innovative governance schemes and consultations with stakeholders, we drafted a document that aims at promoting cooperation and better governance of public transport in Central Europe. It elaborates on “to do” steps for improved public transport management and tools and methods needed to succeed in this mission.
Type of output: Strategies and action plans

SUSTANCE

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Project contact

Carlo Fortuna